 |
USA Edition | Today Is Tuesday, May 21, 2013 |
|---|
Socratic Warning
Newsroom Magazine
May Challenge
Or Demand
Critical Thinking
|
|---|
|
|
The intellectual roots of critical thinking date back to the Greek philosophers.
Socrates discovered, by means of probing questions, that in the exchange of competing ideas, people sometimes make confident claims based on unreliable assumptions or failed logic.
Such arguments, he discovered, were either erroneous in fact, absent sufficient foundation, or failing in logic. Instead, most arguments were based on confused meanings, inadequate evidence, or contradictory beliefs.
Socrates' contributions to critical thinking were many -- for he established new ways to think about contentious issues in terms of the quality of assumptions, facts and logic.
Thus Socrates demonstrated that persons may have passion, or power or high position but yet be deeply confused and irrational.
Good journalism, like compelling debate, is based on a clear understanding of facts and the logical construction of one's argument. And that is what the Socratic Method and The Sophist Tradition is all about.
Evidentiary Approach
The Socratic Method is the preferred way to examine issues.In the Socratic mode of questioning, postulations, ideas or arguments are examined for their clarity and logical consistency by systematic analysis of facts, assumptions and logical methodology to support a conclusion.
Socratic analysis is accomplished by means of a series of probing questions that systematically examine the quality of an argument or conclusion.
Understanding the quality of information, argument or one's conclusions, is fundamental to critical thinking -- and the goal of critical editing.
Historical Foundation
Socrates’ practice was followed by the critical thinking of Plato (who recorded Socrates’ thought), Aristotle, and the Greek skeptics, all of whom emphasized that things are often very different from what they appear to be.Only the trained mind is prepared to see through the way things look to us on the surface (delusive appearances) to the way they really are beneath the surface (the deeper realities of life.)
From this ancient Greek tradition emerged the need, for anyone who aspired to understand the deeper realities, to think systematically, to trace implications broadly and deeply; for only thinking that is comprehensive, well-reasoned, and responsive to objections can take us beyond the surface.
Means Of Analysis
The common denominators of Critical Thinking requires, for example, the systematic monitoring of thought; that thinking, to be critical, must not be accepted at face value, but must be analyzed and assessed for its clarity, accuracy, relevance, depth, breadth, and logical validity. All reasoning occurs within points of view and frames of reference.All reasoning proceeds from some goals, objectives, and has an informational base. All data, when used in reasoning, must be interpreted. That interpretation involves concepts, that concepts entail assumptions, and that all basic inferences in thought have implications, and each of these dimensions of thinking need to be monitored where problems of thinking can occur.
Questioning Chain
The result of the collective contribution of the history of critical thought is that the basic questions of Socrates can now be much more powerfully and focally framed.In every domain of human thought, and within every use of reasoning within any domain, it is now possible to question:
• ends and objectives
• the status and wording of questions
• the sources of information and fact
• the method and quality of information collection
• the mode of judgment and reasoning used
• the concepts that make that reasoning possible
• the assumptions that underlie concepts in use
• the implications that follow from their use
• the point of view or frame of reference within which reasoning takes place
Jeffrey Slee
Logician
| FAA Approves In-Flight Battery System Testing For Two Boeing 787 Aircraft | Browse All Content | Justice Determines T-Mobile/MetroPCS Combination Unlikely To Harm Consumers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Previous In Section | Browse Executive Branch Section |
Next In Section |
Through a scheme of his own design, Mr. Daum purposefully concocted false evidence and submitted it to the court. Today’s sentence demonstrates our diligence in protecting our judicial system from those individuals who attempt to violate its integrity.
Assistant Director in Charge Valerie Parlave
Washington
Veteran D.C. Defense Attorney Charles F. Daum Sentenced To Serve 63 Months In Prison For Obstruction Of Justice
March 12, 2013
Veteran District of Columbia defense attorney Charles F. Daum was sentenced today to serve 63 months in prison on three counts of obstructing justice in a federal drug trafficking case, announced Acting Assistant Attorney General Mythili Raman of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division; Chief Cathy L. Lanier of the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Police Department; and Valerie Parlave, Assistant Director in Charge of the FBI’s Washington Field Office.
Daum, 66, of Arnold, Md., was sentenced before Senior U.S. District Judge Gladys Kessler in the District of Columbia. In addition to Daum’s prison sentence for obstruction of justice, he was sentenced to a concurrent term of 60 months in prison on one count of conspiracy to obstruct justice and two counts of subornation of perjury. Daum was also sentenced to serve one year of supervised release.
“Daum went to extraordinary lengths to purposefully subvert the legal process in his client’s case,” said Acting Assistant Attorney General Raman. “He fabricated evidence and knowingly presented perjured testimony, betraying his profession and our system of justice. Today’s significant prison sentence is appropriate punishment for his crimes.”
“Through a scheme of his own design, Mr. Daum purposefully concocted false evidence and submitted it to the court,” said Assistant Director in Charge Parlave. “Today’s sentence demonstrates our diligence in protecting our judicial system from those individuals who attempt to violate its integrity.”
The charges resulted from Daum’s representation of Delante White, who was indicted in March 2008 by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia on federal drug trafficking charges following the execution of a search warrant on Feb. 23, 2008, at the home of White’s grandmother. After a six-week bench trial, Judge Kessler found beyond a reasonable doubt that after entering his notice of appearance in the case, Daum devised a plan to obtain and produce false evidence designed to convince the jury that the drugs seized by the police on Feb. 23, 2008, did not belong to White. Daum enlisted the help of co-conspirators Daaiyah and Iman Pasha, whom Daum had hired as investigators, and others to help carry out his scheme. Following Daum’s directions, the co-conspirators obtained duplicates of several items that were seized as evidence during the execution of the search warrant, including a digital scale, a razor blade, plates, an Adidas shoe box and a pair of Gucci boots. Once those items were obtained, Daaiyah and Iman Pasha made arrangements to take staged photographs of White’s brother depicted with the items, while apparently “cutting” “rock cocaine” in order to make it appear as though the seized drugs actually belonged to the brother. Daum later submitted the staged photographs, as well as other fabricated items, as evidence during White’s criminal trial. Judge Kessler also found that Daum solicited and presented the perjured testimony of two witnesses, in order to further obstruct and impede the administration of justice.
Private investigators Daaiyah Pasha, 62, of Washington, D.C., and Iman Pasha, 33, of Springfield, Va., were also sentenced today by Judge Kessler. Daaiyah Pasha was sentenced to serve three months in prison and three years of supervised release. Iman Pasha was sentenced to serve three months probation.
The case was prosecuted by Trial Attorneys Darrin L. McCullough, Donnell Turner and Tritia Yuen of the Criminal Division’s Narcotic and Dangerous Drug Section. The case was investigated by the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Police Department, the FBI and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia.